A standard operating procedure
(SOP) provides clear-cut directions and instructions as to the steps necessary
to complete a specific task or process. SOPs
are used in a variety of industries to ensure that tasks are completed
consistently and efficiently, and to reduce the risk of errors or omissions.
Note that an SOP is much more involved than
a simple procedural document. The main difference is that process documentation is meant to
provide a high-level overview of the process in question, while SOPs provide an
“on-the-ground” explanation of what needs to happen to ensure a given process
or task is completed as planned.
(That is, a process-focused document
typically explains that the organization will go from “Point A” to “Point B,”
while an accompanying SOP will describe everything the organization will do in
order to go from "Point A" to “Point B.”)
While companies are free to develop their
internal SOP documents in a format that works best for their team, most organizations choose from one of
the following formats.
In some cases, it may be sufficient to
create a simple numbered or bulleted list of steps to take when completing a
process.
This format should be used only when the
process in question is straightforward and, in the vast majority of
circumstances, can be completed without fail.
Processes in which a
step-by-step format is likely sufficient include:
The hierarchical format for SOPs borrows
from the above format in that it involves listing the steps of the process to
be completed.
However, hierarchical SOPs provide
additional details within each step as deemed necessary. While a purely
step-by-step SOP will list steps 1, 2, 3, and so forth, a hierarchical SOP may
include Steps 1a and 1b; 2a, 2b, 2c; 3a, 3b.
The hierarchical format is used when more instruction may be
needed in order to sufficiently complete a given task. As a simple
example, if Step 1 tells team members to log into their account, Step 1a may
direct individuals to input their username, with Step 1b directing them to
input their password.
Flowcharts are best used to
illustrate SOPs when multiple outcomes are possible at certain points
throughout the process.
In such cases, the outcome of one step will
impact the way in which the team will need to approach each subsequent step.
Checklist SOPs are presented as a simple
list of steps that need to be followed in order. This can be a helpful format
for SOPs that involve repetitive tasks or that need to be completed quickly.
A video standard operating procedure is a
visual guide that uses video footage to demonstrate how to complete a specific
task or process. Video SOPs can be an effective tool for training and
onboarding new employees, as they allow workers to see exactly how a task
should be performed. They can also be useful for documenting and standardizing
processes, as they provide a clear, visual representation of the steps that
need to be followed.
Video SOPs can
provide a more interactive and engaging way to learn than written SOPs as
viewers can see how tasks should be performed, rather than just reading about
them. This format is particularly useful for workers who are visual learners or
who prefer to learn through demonstrations.
SOPs can be formatted as an interactive
online course, combining written instructions, video demonstrations, and
quizzes to guide users through a task or process. This can be a helpful format
for SOPs that need to be completed by a large number of people or that involve
multiple skills or concepts.
SOPs can be used in a wide range of
contexts, including manufacturing, healthcare, aviation, and food service. They
can be used to outline the steps for completing a specific task, such as
assembling a product or sterilizing equipment, or for a more complex process,
such as responding to a customer complaint.
Some use cases by industry:
Essentially, a standard operating procedure
is useful in any industry where procedures needed to be created and then
completed in an efficient and consistent manner.
Though we’ve hinted at this from the
beginning of our discussion here, let’s make it clear:
Standard operating procedures
are important because it allows organizations to systematize their processes, keep
all team members and other stakeholders on the same page at all times, and move
forward in a singular, cohesive manner.
Perhaps the best way to illustrate the
importance of developing standard operating procedures is to consider the
negative impact of not doing so. Basically, it leaves too much up to chance:
There’s no guarantee that best practices will be followed at all times, that
all team members will remain in alignment, or that the organization will
continue to operate in a positive and effective manner.
Let’s take a moment to dig a bit deeper
into the benefits
of creating SOP documentation for your organization.
With SOP in place, adherence to best
practices regarding all organizational processes is not merely a suggestion,
but a mandate.
(It’s worth noting that said “best
practices” should be defined by the entire team of stakeholders involved in the
processes in question. In involving team members from all departments and
hierarchical tiers in the process of developing SOP, you can be sure that your
team is always acting in the best interest of the company. More on this in a
bit.)
The point is, creating SOP provides not
only a “true north” for your team to strive toward but also a
clearly-drawn map to guide them along the way. This improves the chances of
experiencing a positive outcome in a given situation, while also minimizing the
chances of encountering any obstacles throughout the process.
It’s simple: Developing SOP ensures your
team knows the most efficient and effective way to go about a certain task.
This means you’ll be expending fewer resources to experience optimal results,
regardless of the task at hand.
As we’ve said, developing SOP better
enables your organization to run like a finely-tuned machine.
A huge part of running “like a machine” is
consistency. Following SOP ensures that your team will always know the right
path to take—and will always take this path when necessary.
Simply put: SOP makes both decisions and
processes more automatic for your team at all times.
As we mentioned, SOPs ensure that workers
adhere to best practices as well as work in a consistent manner when working on
a process or task. In turn, this leads to workers completing a process or task
in a more effective and efficient way leading to an improvement in the overall
quality of work.
In clearly defining standard operating
procedures within your organization, you’ll inherently make employee onboarding easier
as well as improve how you train your team members with
regard to best practices in certain situations.
Since one of the goals of creating SOP is
to leave no stone unturned in terms of contingent circumstances, you'll have a
better idea of what these potential circumstances are—leaving you better
prepared to train your employees as to how to navigate them.
(In contrast, in not having clearly-defined
SOPs in place, you run the risk of leaving your team uninformed and unprepared
to handle certain challenges as they come about.)
For the sake of argument, let’s say your
team already knows exactly how to handle any situation that comes their way—and
is always able to do so effectively and efficiently.
In this case, it may seem like documenting
everything your team already knows would be a waste of time, money, and other
resources. After all, everyone knows what to do, so why take the time to write
down everything they already know?
The problem, though, is that your team
isn’t going to remain intact as-is forever. Employees will retire, quit, be
promoted, go on leave...the list goes on. When that happens, you need to know
that the knowledge and expertise they’ve brought to the organization will stay
within the organization.
In documenting your SOP, you’ll ensure this
info stays within your company—allowing new team members to pick up right where
the old ones leave off.
By documenting the steps required to
complete a process and making it readily available, you provide members within
your organization with a reference that can be used to complete a task. This
helps to ensure that everyone working on the particular task is on the same
page, thereby reducing any potential misunderstandings.
In some industries, SOPs are required by
law or regulation, and having clear, written SOPs can help a company
demonstrate compliance with these requirements. For example, in the healthcare
industry, SOPs are often used to demonstrate compliance with the Joint
Commission's standards.
Additionally, SOPs can help organizations
meet their general legal obligations. For example, an SOP for handling customer
complaints might include steps for documenting complaints and resolving them in
a timely and appropriate manner, which could help an organization meet its
terms of service to its customers.
SOPs can be helpful in reducing the risk of
accidents or injuries by outlining safe practices and procedures. For example,
an SOP for handling hazardous materials might include steps for proper
protective gear and handling techniques.
While there are many benefits to developing
SOPs within your organization, creating effective standard operating procedures
that are followed comes with its fair share of challenges as well.
There’s a reason your development of SOPs
should be an “all-hands-on-deck” affair:
Basically, if only certain stakeholders are
involved, you’ll run the risk of your SOPs missing the mark in some way or
another.
For example, if an SOP is created solely by
C-level executives, it may focus more on the goal to be attained than the
process required to attain it. This can cause the ground-level team to run into
a variety of obstacles that the executives may not have anticipated—meaning the
SOP in question actually isn’t in-line with what would be considered “best
practices” for the given circumstances.
On the other hand, if created solely by
managerial staff, the SOP may not take into consideration C-level goals, such
as minimizing resource consumption and improving the bottom line. In this
scenario, you may have on-the-ground teams completing tasks in a way that may
seem efficient, but that isn’t really doing all that much for the business as a
whole.
That said, the process of developing SOP
needs to involve all stakeholders at all times. This will ensure that the
processes being developed are made in the best interest of the company.
Even after standard operating procedures
have been developed, you’ll need to ensure that all stakeholders are able to
access and engage with said documentation whenever necessary.
Without this accessibility and visibility,
it can be pretty easy for SOP to fall to the backburner—leading team members to
go back to the “old way of doing things.” Obviously, this defeats the purpose
of developing SOP in the first place.
Moreover, it’s essential that the SOP
documentation your various team members have access to is the exact same
documentation across the board. The most effective way to ensure this is to
keep the document in a centralized database that all stakeholders have access
to. That way, you can guarantee that all team members are following the right
documentation at all times.
(Learn more about how a centralized
internal database can better enable your organization by checking out our guide
on knowledge management systems.)
Regarding management and maintenance of
SOP, there are two main challenges to consider:
First, your team will need to be properly
trained and prepared as to how to actually implement the procedures in
question. This means ensuring they have access to any equipment or other
resources needed to complete the tasks defined within the SOP—and that they
know how to efficiently and effectively use these resources. If this piece of
the puzzle is missing, your team simply won’t be able to act in accordance with
SOP—no matter how clear the document may be.
It’s also worth noting that what’s
considered the best course of action for the time being may not always be so.
Improvements in technology, personnel changes, and a variety of other factors
may require your team to revisit previously-developed SOP as time goes on. If
the SOP your team follows is outdated or obsolete in any way, continuing to
follow it will end up doing more harm than good to your organization.
Now that we understand what a standard
operating procedure is, why it’s important, and the challenges involved in
creating and implementing SOP, the
next step is to actually write and develop your standard operating procedures.
Below are the general steps to take when
writing a standard operating procedure.
1.
Determining Your Goals for Creating an
SOP
2.
Determine the Stakeholders and Creators
4.
Determine the Scope and Format of the
SOP
6.
What Should Be Included in Your SOP
7.
Review the Written Document
9.
Test and Tweak the SOP in Practice
10.
Implement SOP—and Revisit Regularly
Now, let’s discuss in more detail what the process of developing SOP
documentation should look like.
Before you even begin writing an SOP, you
need to have a clear-cut answer to the question of why you’re creating the
document in the first place.
On the positive side, you’ll want to ask
questions such as:
You’ll also want to identify any pain
points or obstacles that currently exist within your organization’s processes.
This will allow you to be more specific in determining exactly how your team
will be more productive with SOP in place.
In setting SMART goals for
your SOP-related initiatives, you’ll:
Here—and in each subsequent stage of this
process—is where robust knowledge base software can enable your team to
maximize productivity.
For example, you may have already created
informal documents regarding your various processes, which you can use as a
springboard when developing a more formal SOP. Or, you may have a list of
business- and/or team-related goals that you’ve been striving for—which, again,
will make it easier to solidify your goals for the current SOP at hand.
As we’ve noted, any and all personnel who
will be engaging in or impacted by SOP should have some say in the
creation of the document.
Generally speaking, your SOP development team should
consist of:
You’ll also need to determine who,
specifically, will be responsible for actually writing the document. Whether
you rely on your current staff or a third-party entity on a freelance basis,
it’s vital that the creator of your SOP specializes in technical writing and
has in-depth knowledge and experience of your company’s processes and your
industry as a whole.
Furthermore, while your customers won’t
necessarily be involved in creating the document, you do want to keep their
best interest in mind whenever necessary, as well. While SOP typically refers
to internal, behind-the-scenes processes, said processes will likely impact the
customer experience in some way or another—meaning you should never let your target
audience slip to the back of your mind as you develop SOP within your
organization.
Who will be using the SOP? While a variety
of individuals may be involved in the creation of SOP, the actual content of
the SOP will invariably be followed by a select set of individuals or
departments.
(For
example, in defining an SOP for the handling of customer service requests, your
customer service reps would be the key individuals responsible for following
the SOP.)
That's why it’s important that you know who
will actually be engaging in the procedures in question, as this will enable
you to create the SOP document with these individuals in mind. The idea here is
to be able to create the document in such a way as to be useful to those who will
actually implement the procedures defined within said document.
This means:
But, before you can make any of this
happen, you need to have a clear idea of who within your organization your SOP
is being created for.
Determining the scope of
an SOP involves considering who will be using the SOP (which we discussed in
the previous step) as well as what equipment or materials are needed, and any
other relevant factors that may affect the task or process described in the
standard operating procedure.
In terms of format, as we discussed
earlier, a standard operating procedure typically takes on one of the following
formats:
Depending on the procedures being
documented, you’ll want to determine which of these formats will be most
effective in communicating the desired information.
The best course of action here is to go
with the simplest format necessary for the circumstance at hand. If there’s no
need to include an additional explanation or potential contingencies, a
step-by-step list may be sufficient; if each step in the process can
potentially lead to multiple outcomes, a flowchart is likely necessary.
OK, so you've determined why you need to
create the standard operating procedure as well as know who you're creating it
for. You even know who will be responsible for writing the standard operating
procedure. The only thing left before writing the SOP is to gather the
necessary information which includes:
Once you know what your goals are for
creating SOP, who will be involved in creating it, and the best format to use,
you can begin planning out the document as a whole.
Here, we’ll discuss the various parts of a
complete SOP document, explaining what information should be included in each.
(Note: One thing to keep in mind as you write
your SOP is to use clear, concise language and formatting. Avoid using jargon
or complex language, and use bullet points or numbered lists to make the SOP
easy to read and follow. When possible, use active voice instead of passive
voice to make the instructions more clear and more direct).
The title page of your SOP should contain
identifying information regarding the document, including:
If necessary, you can include a table of
contents after the title page of your SOP, as this will help those who use the
document find the information they’re seeking with relative ease.
This may only be necessary if the SOP
document is longer than a page or two. Basically, if the end-user is able to
quickly and easily find the information they need without a table of contents,
you likely don’t need to include it in the document.
As we’ve discussed, certain information
will need to be laid out in full in order for your team to be able to adhere to
the SOP to be described momentarily.
This preliminary information includes:
This section is, of course, the most
important part of the overall SOP document, as it’s where you’ll describe the
actual operating procedures to be followed at all times when completing a
certain task.
Using the chosen format, your task here
will be to develop detailed, step-by-step instructions for the end-user to
follow at every touchpoint. In more simplified cases, these steps will be
sequential; in others, the process may involve sub-steps, recursive processes,
decision trees, and the like.
As we’ve
discussed, it’s essential to be as detailed and clear as necessary throughout
this section of the SOP. The goal is to use as specific language as is needed
to communicate instructions in full—and to minimize any ambiguity that may
exist within said instructions.
(To that point, it’s worth noting that you
only need to be specific enough for the intended audience to understand the
instructions in question. In other words, there’s no need to be specific to the
point of being pedantic; make your instructions clear, and then allow the
end-user to get to work.)
Depending on the procedure in question,
you’ll also want to include any diagrams, illustrations, or other imagery that
may supplement your written documentation. In fact, it may be more effective
and efficient to use such illustrations in certain circumstances where the
written word simply doesn’t suffice.
It’s essential that your team members are
able to assess their performance with regard to SOP on a case-by-case basis and
at specifically-defined intervals over time.
In this section, then, you’ll want to include
documentation that allows them to do so. This may include:
While the “meat” of your SOP should be as
detailed as possible, this section will ensure that your team members continue
to adhere to SOP to the best of their abilities—and are also able to identify
areas in which they may need to make improvements moving forward.
You’ll likely refer to a variety of terms,
resources, and other documents throughout a given SOP that may require further
explanation.
In this section, you’ll be able to either
provide this explanation in the necessary detail, or point your audience toward
additional resources or documentation for further explanation. This will allow
you to maintain a singular focus within the current SOP document, while also
providing the opportunity for the end-user to dig deeper into a given topic
should they need to do so.
Once you’ve written the document in full,
you’ll want to provide all stakeholders the opportunity to review it for
accuracy, cohesiveness, and comprehensiveness.
Throughout this stage of the process, all
involved parties should take note of any questions, concerns, or other issues
they uncovered while reading through the document. This will allow you to make
specific and focused amendments to your SOP before “officially” unrolling it.
Now, you of course want the end-user’s
advice and suggestions to play a heavy role here. After all, they’re the ones
who will be engaging in the procedure at hand, so you’ll want to know with
certainty that they understand everything presented within the document. Moreover,
since they have first-hand experience with the processes in question, they’ll
be able to identify areas that may have been overlooked when initially creating
the document.
But, you also may want to have the document
reviewed by those with less experience with the processes in question. This
will help you account for any “blindspots” your more experienced team members
may have specifically due to their experience and expertise. This, in turn,
will enable new hires to quickly get “up to speed” with SOP once they come
aboard.
No matter how experienced or specialized
your current team members are, they will need to be trained (and/or
retrained) as to the new SOP to be implemented.
This, of course, can be a sensitive area—especially
for long-time employees who are used to going about tasks in a certain manner,
and who may not yet see the benefits of making the necessary
improvements.
For this reason, it’s vital that these
training sessions occur in a relaxed, no-risk atmosphere. Your team needs to
have full confidence that this isn’t a “gotcha”-type ordeal; rather, it’s to
better enable them to put their best foot forward, and to be as productive as
possible in their contractual duties.
As we’ll discuss in the following sections,
you’ll also want to point out to your team that this training isn’t just a
one-off thing—it’s an ongoing process. This will reinforce the idea that the
new SOP is and will be the new way of doing things, and will not be put to the
backburner after the novelty of the new process wears off.
That said, the idea of training your team
with regard to new SOP deals only in part with the actual procedures in
question, while focusing more on instilling in your team a growth
mindset.
Piggybacking off the last point, you want
to gradually immerse your team in the new SOP (rather than forcing them to dive
in).
This may, at first, involve having your
team work through the new SOP in a simulated environment. Here, you might set
up different scenarios in which certain team members play different roles,
allowing each individual to get a feel for the new processes. Or, you might
simply discuss hypothetical situations with your team in an open environment,
allowing your team to verbally walk through the processes to be completed in
said scenarios.
As your team becomes more acclimated to the
new processes, you might then begin unrolling the new SOP to “real-world”
scenarios. While there’s no “one way” to go about doing so, you might identify
certain team members who are more prepared than others and allow them to dive
in first—then have them train other team members in the specific areas they
need assistance with.
Again, though:
This gradual unrolling needs to be
intentional, and it requires that all team members actively work to make
progress toward the new way of doing things. While you’ll want to allow for
some leniency during the initial rollout, being too lax can cause your team to
revert back to the much-less-efficient processes from days past.
The “final” stage of the process is, of
course, to implement the new SOP in full.
We put the word “final” in quotation marks
because, again, what’s considered “best practices” in a given scenario is
constantly in flux. To be sure, what works best today may be a rather
inefficient way to go about doing things mere months from now.
This is why it’s important to instill a
growth mindset in your team: They need to understand that the new processes are
not set in stone, and will evolve over time as the need arises.
Not only do they need to understand
this—they also need to be a part of it. As your team continues to adhere to the
new SOP, they should regularly take note of any positive or negative
experiences they have along the way. Basically, this means noticing areas of
improvement, as well as areas in which more improvements need to be made.
In addition to any “on-the-fly” noticing,
your team should also meet regularly to discuss further plans for moving
forward. Typically, this will mean amending the SOP in relatively minor
ways—but could also involve rebuilding the entire document from scratch, if
need be.
It’s also important to consider any
external factors that may require your team to revisit the SOP. These factors
include legislative changes, technological advancements, and/or shifts in
consumer needs.
In solidifying an effective and efficient
SOP you allow your team to be as productive as possible given your
organization’s current overall circumstances—while keeping the door open to
make improvements to your processes as these circumstances change.
Finally, be sure to review and update the
SOP as necessary to ensure that it remains accurate and effective.
While every company will have its own
unique procedural format for a particular SOP, here are a few SOP examples that
you can start out with and customize to fit your particular needs.
This is a general SOP example that can be
adapted to be used for any department or procedure. Each section has a
checklist along with clear instructions on what should be inputted into the
section.
This example SOP can be used by your
Quality Assurance (QA) and/or Quality Control (QC) Departments for
handling any customer complaints where there is a problem with your company's product
or service.
"Before
Helpuice, we had documented standard operating procedures but it was
problematic. Formatting was inconsistent and they often did not meet best
practices. Moreover, because the SOPs were not being managed, outdated
materials were in circulation. Additionally, finding these procedures was
difficult as they were posted in multiple locations.
With
Helpjuice's knowledge base software, we're able to more easily standardize all
of our processes, allowing us to be more effective under the quality management
initiatives we started about 18 months ago." - Richard Thompson, Sr
Project Manager, Collins Community Credit Union
Knowledge base software can
be a useful tool for managing and distributing standard operating procedures (SOPs)
within an organization. A knowledge base is a collection of information,
typically organized in a searchable database, that is designed to be easily
accessible to users.
Here are some ways in which using a knowledge base can help with standard
operating procedures:
Overall, a knowledge base can be a useful
tool for managing and distributing SOPs within an organization, helping to
ensure that employees have access to the information they need to complete
tasks consistently and efficiently.
Creating standard operating procedures is
perhaps the best way to ensure your team puts their talents to maximum usage.
In contrast, even the most talented of
professionals may not be able to be productive and effective in their position
if not given proper and explicit guidance.
Moreover, even if your new SOP aligns with
absolute best practices, it won’t do any good if your team isn’t able to access
it. This is why a centralized
internal knowledge base is vital to the implementation of a
new SOP.
With clear-cut, comprehensive standard operating
procedures on-hand at all times, your team members will always know exactly
what to do in any situation they face. In turn, your organization’s
productivity will all but certainly skyrocket.
REFFERENCE :
https://helpjuice.com/blog/standard-operating-procedure
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